Regulatory Encyclopedia
All regulatory frameworks at a glance — history, requirements, relationships.
217 Frameworks
✓ 216 of 217 entries content-reviewed
Anti-Money Laundering (AML)
6th Anti-Money Laundering Directive (AMLD6) – Combating Money Laundering by Criminal Law
AMLD6 harmonises criminal law for money laundering in the EU: 23 predicate offen...
AMLA — EU Anti-Money Laundering Authority
AMLA: new EU Anti-Money Laundering Authority in Frankfurt, operational since 1 J...
AMLR — EU Anti-Money Laundering Regulation (Single Rulebook)
AMLR: directly applicable EU Regulation establishing from 2027 a single AML/KYC ...
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) – International Banking Regulation Standards
The Basel Committee sets global banking standards: Basel I (1988), Basel II (200...
EU AML Package 2021 (Comprehensive EU Anti-Money Laundering Reform)
EU AML Package 2021: four legislative proposals (AMLR, new AMLD 2024/1640, AMLA,...
Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units
The Egmont Group connects 181 national FIUs worldwide for secure exchange of fin...
Financial Intelligence Units (FIU) — National AML Reporting Agencies
FIUs are national agencies that receive, analyse, and disseminate Suspicious Act...
ISO 20022 – Universal Financial Messaging Standard
ISO 20022 is the global model-based standard for financial messages (payments, s...
Suspicious Activity Reports (SAR) / Suspicious Transaction Reports (STR)
SAR/STR: Mandatory reporting of suspicious transactions to authorities – a corne...
Information Exchange - AIA/CRS
AIA/CRS – Automatic Exchange of Information / Common Reporting Standard
The OECD Common Reporting Standard requires financial institutions to report acc...
Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters (MAC)
The OECD MAC Convention is the oldest multilateral instrument for mutual adminis...
Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes
The OECD Global Forum monitors global tax transparency standards and assesses ju...
MCAA – Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement
The MCAA is the multilateral agreement that legally enables the automatic CRS in...
TIEA – Tax Information Exchange Agreements
TIEAs are bilateral agreements for exchange of tax information on request, parti...
Countries & Authorities
AIAG — Swiss AIA Act (Automatic Exchange of Information in Tax Matters)
The AIAG implements the OECD CRS standard in Switzerland, requiring financial in...
Australia — Financial Jurisdiction and Regulatory Framework
Australia as a major financial jurisdiction in the Asia-Pacific region. Overview...
Austria — EU Financial Jurisdiction
Austria as an EU financial jurisdiction: Vienna as a regional CEE hub, FMA super...
BZSt — Federal Central Tax Office (Germany)
The BZSt is Germany's central federal tax office coordinating FATCA, CRS and DAC...
Bermuda — Offshore Financial Center and Regulatory Framework
Bermuda as a leading offshore financial center. Overview of the Bermuda Monetary...
British Virgin Islands
The British Virgin Islands are a leading offshore jurisdiction for company incor...
Canada — Financial Jurisdiction and Regulatory Framework
Canada as a major international financial jurisdiction. Overview of regulatory s...
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands are a leading offshore financial center with zero income, cor...
FIDLEG — Swiss Financial Services Act
FIDLEG regulates financial services in Switzerland, protecting investors through...
FINIG — Swiss Financial Institutions Act
FINIG establishes a uniform licensing framework for Swiss financial institutions...
FINMA — Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority
FINMA is Switzerland's integrated financial market supervisory authority, overse...
FTA/ESTV — Swiss Federal Tax Administration
The ESTV is Switzerland's central federal tax authority, administering VAT, with...
FinfraG — Swiss Financial Market Infrastructure Act
FinfraG regulates Swiss financial market infrastructures: exchanges, central cou...
France — EU Financial Jurisdiction
France as an EU financial jurisdiction: Paris as financial center, AMF/ACPR supe...
Germany — Financial Regulatory Jurisdiction
Germany as a financial regulatory jurisdiction: supervisory authorities, tax aut...
GwG — Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act
The GwG is Switzerland's core anti-money laundering law, applying to banks, asse...
HMRC — HM Revenue & Customs (UK)
HMRC is the UK tax authority responsible for tax collection, CRS and FATCA repor...
Hong Kong — Asian Financial Hub
Hong Kong as an Asian financial hub: SFC and HKMA supervision, fund industry, St...
IRAS — Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore
IRAS is Singapore's tax authority for income, corporate, and goods and services ...
IRS — Internal Revenue Service (USA)
The IRS is the US federal tax authority responsible for tax collection, FATCA en...
India — Financial Jurisdiction and Regulatory Framework
India as an emerging major financial jurisdiction. Overview of regulatory struct...
Ireland — EU Financial Center
Ireland as an EU financial center for investment funds and technology companies....
Japan — Major Financial Jurisdiction
Japan as a major financial jurisdiction: FSA regulation, Tokyo Stock Exchange, b...
Jersey
Jersey is one of the leading Crown Dependencies with a highly regulated financia...
Liechtenstein — EEA Financial Center and Regulatory Framework
Liechtenstein as an EEA financial center with EU passporting. Overview of FMA Li...
Luxembourg — EU Financial Center
Luxembourg as a leading EU financial center for investment funds and private ban...
MROS — Money Laundering Reporting Office Switzerland
MROS is Switzerland's Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), analyzing suspicious ac...
MinStG — Minimum Tax Act (Germany)
The MinStG implements the EU Minimum Tax Directive (Pillar 2) into German law, i...
Netherlands — EU Financial Jurisdiction
The Netherlands as an EU financial jurisdiction: Amsterdam as financial center, ...
Singapore — Asian Financial Hub
Singapore as a leading Asian financial hub: regulatory framework, MAS supervisio...
South Korea — Financial Jurisdiction and Regulatory Framework
South Korea as a leading financial jurisdiction in East Asia. Overview of KoFIU,...
Switzerland — Financial Center and Regulatory Framework
Switzerland is one of the world's leading financial centers. Overview of its reg...
UAE — Global Financial Center
The United Arab Emirates as a leading global financial center: DIFC and ADGM as ...
USA — CRS Non-Participation (FATCA instead of CRS)
The USA does not participate in the OECD Common Reporting Standard (CRS) and ins...
USA — Financial Regulatory Jurisdiction
The USA as a financial regulatory jurisdiction: IRS, SEC, FinCEN, the FATCA regi...
United Kingdom — Financial Regulatory Jurisdiction
The United Kingdom as a financial regulatory jurisdiction after Brexit: FCA, PRA...
VSB — Agreement on the Swiss Banks' Code of Conduct with Regard to the Exercise of Due Diligence
The VSB is the private-law self-regulation of Swiss banks on due diligence, part...
Financial Market Regulation
AIFMD — Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive
The AIFMD (EU 2011/61) regulates alternative investment fund managers in the EU ...
BMR — Benchmarks Regulation
The BMR (EU 2016/1011) regulates benchmarks in the EU, ensuring their integrity,...
BRRD — Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (EU 2014/59)
The BRRD (EU 2014/59) establishes a harmonised EU framework for bank recovery an...
Basel III/IV — Final Banking Reform Package
The final Basel III reform package (2017) strengthens capital requirements with ...
CRD VI / CRR III – EU Banking Package 2024 (Basel III Finalisation)
The EU Banking Package 2024 – CRR III (Regulation 2024/1623) and CRD VI (Directi...
CRD/CRR – Capital Requirements Directive and Regulation (Basel III Implementation)
CRD IV/CRR (Directive 2013/36, Regulation 575/2013) implement Basel III standard...
DGSD — Deposit Guarantee Schemes Directive (EU 2014/49)
The DGSD (EU 2014/49) harmonises deposit protection across the EU with EUR 100,0...
EMIR – European Market Infrastructure Regulation
EMIR (Regulation 648/2012) regulates OTC derivatives, central counterparties and...
IDD — Insurance Distribution Directive
The IDD (EU 2016/97) regulates insurance product distribution in the EU, strengt...
IFRS — International Financial Reporting Standards
IFRS are global accounting standards issued by the IASB, mandatory in the EU for...
MAR — Market Abuse Regulation
The MAR (EU 596/2014) prohibits insider dealing, market manipulation and unlawfu...
MiFID II – Markets in Financial Instruments Directive
MiFID II (Directive 2014/65/EU) regulates financial instrument trading in the EU...
MiFIR – Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation
MiFIR (Regulation 600/2014) governs trade transparency, transaction reporting an...
PRIIPs — Packaged Retail and Insurance-Based Investment Products Regulation
The PRIIPs Regulation (EU 1286/2014) requires manufacturers to produce a KID wit...
PSD2 – Payment Services Directive 2
PSD2 (Directive 2015/2366) regulates payment services in the EU internal market,...
Prospectus Regulation (EU 2017/1129) — Securities Prospectus Law
The Prospectus Regulation (EU 2017/1129) governs the drafting and approval of pr...
Solvency II – Insurance Supervisory Framework
Solvency II (Directive 2009/138/EC) is the EU supervisory framework for insuranc...
UCITS — Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities Directive
The UCITS Directive (EU 2009/65) establishes the harmonised framework for cross-...
VAG — Swiss Insurance Supervision Act (with AVO and AVO-FINMA)
VAG/AVO/AVO-FINMA govern licensing, solvency (SST), tied assets, technical provi...
Beneficial Ownership
AMLD – EU Anti-Money Laundering Directives (1st to 6th AMLD)
The EU Anti-Money Laundering Directives (AMLD 1–6) form the harmonised European ...
Beneficial Ownership – Transparency of Ultimate Beneficial Owners
Beneficial ownership refers to the obligation to identify and disclose the ultim...
FATF – Financial Action Task Force (Global AML/CFT Standards)
The FATF is the global standard-setting body for anti-money laundering and count...
🔒 Standards & Certifications
APEC CBPR (Cross-Border Privacy Rules)
The APEC CBPR system is a voluntary certification system for cross-border data t...
ISO/IEC 27701 (Privacy Information Management System)
ISO/IEC 27701 extends ISO 27001 with requirements for a Privacy Information Mana...
NIST Privacy Framework
The NIST Privacy Framework is a voluntary US framework for managing privacy risk...
PCI DSS – Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
PCI DSS is the global security standard for protecting payment card data, issued...
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 governs corporate governance and financial ...
🔒 International Privacy
APPI – Act on the Protection of Personal Information (Japan)
Japan's APPI has protected personal data since 2003 and was reformed in 2022. Th...
LGPD – Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados (Brazilian General Data Protection Law)
Brazil's LGPD is the country's comprehensive data protection law effective since...
PDPA – Personal Data Protection Act (Singapore)
Singapore's PDPA has protected personal data since 2014, enforced by the PDPC. M...
PIPL – Personal Information Protection Law (China's Data Protection Law)
China's PIPL, effective November 2021, is the PRC's most comprehensive personal ...
POPIA – Protection of Personal Information Act (South Africa)
POPIA is South Africa's data protection law, effective July 2021, establishing e...
UK Data Protection Act 2018
The UK Data Protection Act 2018 forms, together with the UK GDPR, the comprehens...
UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) — Assimilated EU Law
The UK GDPR is the British version of the EU GDPR, governing data protection in ...
Anti-Avoidance - ATAD
ATAD Controlled Foreign Company (CFC) Rules
The ATAD CFC rules set an EU minimum standard for controlled foreign company tax...
ATAD Exit Taxation
EU exit taxation under ATAD: tax liability on unrealised gains when transferring...
ATAD Hybrid Mismatch Rules
The ATAD Hybrid Mismatch Rules neutralise tax advantages from hybrid arrangement...
ATAD Interest Limitation Rule
The ATAD Interest Limitation Rule caps tax deductibility of net borrowing costs ...
DEBRA — Debt-Equity Bias Reduction Allowance (Directive on equity allowance and interest deduction limitation)
DEBRA is a proposed EU directive introducing a notional interest deduction on eq...
EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive (ATAD)
The EU ATAD implements binding BEPS minimum standards, covering interest limitat...
EU Unshell Directive (informally “ATAD 3”) — Anti-Shell Company Directive
The EU Unshell Directive proposal targets shell companies in the EU, neutralisin...
General Anti-Abuse Rule (GAAR) — ATAD
The ATAD GAAR (General Anti-Abuse Rule) denies tax advantages from non-genuine a...
Transfer Pricing
Advance Pricing Arrangement/Agreement (APA)
An APA is a binding agreement between a taxpayer and one or more tax authorities...
ICAP — International Compliance Assurance Programme (OECD)
ICAP is a multilateral OECD programme enabling multinational enterprises to coop...
Joint Tax Audits — Coordinated Multi-Jurisdiction Audits
Joint tax audits are coordinated simultaneous examinations by tax authorities of...
Local File — Entity-Level TP Documentation (OECD BEPS Action 13)
The Local File documents intra-group transactions of the local entity and demons...
Master File — Group-Level TP Documentation (OECD BEPS Action 13)
The Master File provides a high-level overview of the multinational group: busin...
Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP)
The MAP is a treaty-based procedure enabling tax authorities of two states to re...
Tax Rulings — DAC3 and International Transparency
Tax rulings provide binding advance certainty on the tax treatment of planned tr...
Transfer Pricing — OECD Framework
The OECD transfer pricing framework governs pricing between related entities und...
Main Structure
Anti-Avoidance — Measures Against Tax Avoidance
International framework against aggressive tax planning and profit shifting: BEP...
Digital Taxation — Tax Framework for the Digital Economy
Taxation of the digital economy: OECD Pillar One, EU digital taxes, DSTs, platfo...
Information Exchange — International Tax Information Exchange
International exchange of tax information between authorities: automatic, on req...
Privacy — Data Protection and Privacy in the Tax Context
Data protection law in tension with tax transparency: GDPR, fiscal secrecy, prop...
Sanctions & AML — Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering
International framework on financial sanctions, anti-money laundering, and count...
Tax Transparency — International Framework
The overarching concept of international tax transparency: global standards, inf...
Transparency — Tax Disclosure and Reporting
Tax transparency and disclosure obligations: country-by-country reports, transpa...
🔒 EU/EEA Data Protection
BDSG – German Federal Data Protection Act
The BDSG 2018 supplements the GDPR with German opening clause law and regulates ...
DORA — Digital Operational Resilience Act
DORA (Regulation EU 2022/2554) strengthens the digital operational resilience of...
EU AI Act
The EU AI Act (Regulation 2024/1689) is the world's first comprehensive AI regul...
EU Data Governance Act (DGA)
The EU Data Governance Act (Regulation 2022/868) creates a framework for trustwo...
GDPR – General Data Protection Regulation
The GDPR (EU 2016/679) is the world's most comprehensive data protection law, ap...
NIS2 Directive
The NIS2 Directive (EU 2022/2555) strengthens cybersecurity for critical infrast...
Swiss Federal Act on Data Protection (FADP 2023)
The revised Swiss FADP (nFADP) entered into force on 1 September 2023, modernizi...
ePrivacy Directive / TTDSG
The ePrivacy Directive (2002/58/EC) and Germany's TTDSG govern privacy in electr...
Transparency
BEFIT – Business in Europe: Framework for Income Taxation
BEFIT is a European Commission proposal for a common corporate income tax base a...
EU State Aid Rules – Tax Dimension
EU State Aid rules prohibit distortive tax advantages granted by member states t...
GLEIF (Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation)
GLEIF is the central management organisation of the global LEI system, accrediti...
Legal Entity Identifier (LEI)
The Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) is a global 20-character alphanumeric code uni...
Public Country-by-Country Reporting (Public CbCR)
The EU Public CbCR Directive requires large multinationals to publicly disclose ...
SAFE – Securing the Activity Framework of Enablers
SAFE is a European Commission proposal to hold intermediaries (advisors, banks, ...
Anti-Avoidance - BEPS
BEPS Action 13: Transfer Pricing Documentation and Country-by-Country Reporting
BEPS Action 13 (minimum standard): three-tiered TP documentation (Master File, L...
BEPS Action 14: Making Dispute Resolution Mechanisms More Effective (MAP)
BEPS Action 14 strengthens the Mutual Agreement Procedure (MAP) to resolve cross...
BEPS Action 15: Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS (MLI)
BEPS Action 15 produced the Multilateral Instrument (MLI), enabling simultaneous...
BEPS Action 1: Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy
BEPS Action 1 analyses digital economy tax challenges; laid the groundwork for t...
BEPS Action 2: Neutralising the Effects of Hybrid Mismatch Arrangements
BEPS Action 2 neutralises hybrid mismatch arrangements enabling double non-taxat...
BEPS Action 3: Designing Effective Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) Rules
BEPS Action 3 recommends building blocks for effective CFC rules preventing prof...
BEPS Action 4: Limiting Base Erosion Involving Interest Deductions and Other Financial Payments
BEPS Action 4 recommends a fixed ratio rule limiting net interest deductions to ...
BEPS Action 5: Countering Harmful Tax Practices More Effectively (Substance and Transparency)
BEPS Action 5 (minimum standard) counters harmful tax practices via substance re...
BEPS Action 6: Preventing the Granting of Treaty Benefits in Inappropriate Circumstances
BEPS Action 6 (minimum standard) introduces PPT and/or LOB clauses in tax treati...
BEPS Action 7: Preventing the Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status
BEPS Action 7 amends the OECD Model Convention PE definition to prevent avoidanc...
BEPS Actions 8-10: Aligning Transfer Pricing Outcomes with Value Creation
BEPS Actions 8-10 revise OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines so profits are taxed w...
BEPS Inclusive Framework (147+ Jurisdictions)
The BEPS Inclusive Framework unites over 147 jurisdictions to jointly implement ...
Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
OECD/G20 project addressing tax avoidance by multinationals through 15 Action Po...
Country-by-Country Reporting (CbCR) — BEPS Action 13
CbCR requires multinational groups with over EUR 750 million turnover to annuall...
US Regulation
Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) / Anti-Money Laundering Act
The Bank Secrecy Act (1970) is the foundational US anti-money laundering law, en...
CLOUD Act — Clarifying Lawful Overseas Use of Data Act
The CLOUD Act (2018) enables US authorities to access data held by US tech compa...
CTA — Corporate Transparency Act
The Corporate Transparency Act (2021) requires companies to report beneficial ow...
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
The Dodd-Frank Act (Public Law 111-203) is the most comprehensive US financial r...
FCPA — Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977) prohibits bribery of foreign officials ...
Crypto Regulation
CARF – Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (OECD)
The OECD CARF standard obliges crypto service providers from 2027 to automatical...
Crypto-Asset Regulation – Global Overview
Global overview of crypto-asset and digital currency regulation, covering MiCA, ...
MiCA – Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (EU)
MiCA is the EU regulation for crypto-assets fully applicable from 30 December 20...
Travel Rule – FATF Recommendation 16 (Crypto-Asset Transfers)
The FATF Travel Rule requires VASPs to share originator and beneficiary data for...
ESG / Sustainability
CBAM — Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
The CBAM (EU 2023/956) is the EU's carbon border adjustment that prevents carbon...
CSDDD — Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive
The CSDDD (EU 2024/1760) requires large companies to identify and mitigate human...
CSRD — Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive
The CSRD (EU 2022/2464) requires EU companies to report comprehensively on susta...
EU Green Bond Standard — European Green Bond Standard
The EU Green Bond Standard (EU 2023/2631) creates a voluntary gold standard for ...
EU Taxonomy — Regulation on Sustainable Investment Framework
The EU Taxonomy (Regulation 2020/852) establishes a unified classification syste...
SFDR — Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation
The SFDR (EU 2019/2088) requires EU financial market participants to disclose su...
🔒 US Privacy Laws
CCPA / CPRA — California Consumer Privacy Act / California Privacy Rights Act
CCPA (2020) and CPRA (2023) form California's comprehensive consumer data privac...
COPPA — Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
COPPA (2000) protects the online privacy of children under 13 in the US, requiri...
FERPA – Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
FERPA protects the educational records of students in the US, granting parents a...
GLBA — Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act
GLBA (1999) requires US financial institutions to protect customers' financial d...
HIPAA — Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
HIPAA (1996) protects the privacy and security of protected health information (...
US State Privacy Laws – Virginia CDPA and Comparable State-Level Privacy Legislation
Overview of Virginia CDPA and comparable US state privacy laws introducing consu...
Know Your Customer (KYC)
Customer Due Diligence (CDD)
Customer Due Diligence (CDD): standard-level identity verification obligations f...
Electronic KYC (eKYC)
Electronic KYC (eKYC): remote digital customer identification using biometric me...
Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD)
Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD): heightened KYC and AML checks applied to high-risk...
KYC – Know Your Customer (Customer Due Diligence and Identity Verification)
Know Your Customer (KYC) refers to regulatory obligations to identify, verify an...
Politically Exposed Persons (PEP)
PEP regulation: due diligence obligations for politically exposed persons — scre...
Wolfsberg Group — Industry Standards for AML/KYC
Wolfsberg Group: association of leading global banks developing international AM...
eIDAS — Electronic Identification and Trust Services Regulation
eIDAS: EU regulation on electronic identification and trust services governing c...
Digital Markets
Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) — Regulation (EU) 2024/2847
The Cyber Resilience Act (EU 2024/2847) introduces mandatory cybersecurity requi...
Digital Markets Act (DMA) — Regulation (EU) 2022/1925
The Digital Markets Act (EU 2022/1925) regulates large platforms as gatekeepers ...
Digital Services Act (DSA) — Regulation (EU) 2022/2065
The Digital Services Act (EU 2022/2065) establishes comprehensive due diligence ...
EU Data Act — Regulation (EU) 2023/2854
The EU Data Act (2023/2854) governs fair access to and use of IoT data, cloud sw...
EU Directives (DAC)
DAC 6 – Mandatory Disclosure Rules for Cross-Border Tax Arrangements
DAC 6 requires intermediaries to report potentially aggressive cross-border tax ...
DAC 7 – Reporting Obligations for Digital Platform Operators
DAC 7 requires digital platform operators to report income data of sellers to EU...
DAC 8 – Reporting Obligations for Crypto-Asset Service Providers (EU CARF Implementation)
DAC 8 implements the OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework (CARF) at EU level, r...
DAC 9 – Information Exchange for Global Minimum Taxation (Pillar 2 Implementation)
DAC 9 enables EU-wide exchange of GloBE information returns on global minimum ta...
DAC – EU Directive on Administrative Cooperation in the Field of Taxation
The DAC Directive governs automatic exchange of tax information between EU autho...
FASTER – Council Directive on faster and safer relief of excess withholding taxes
FASTER harmonises and accelerates withholding tax refund procedures in the EU th...
Digital Taxes
Digital Services Tax (DST) – United Kingdom
The UK levies a 2% digital services tax since April 2020 on revenues of social m...
Digital Services Tax (Taxe sur les services numériques) – France
France's 3% digital services tax on online advertising and marketplaces since 20...
Digital Services Tax – Global Overview
Overview of unilateral digital services taxes worldwide: France, UK, Austria, Sp...
FTT – Financial Transaction Tax (EU Proposal)
The proposed EU Financial Transaction Tax would tax equity, bond and derivative ...
VAT (ViDA)
EU E-Invoicing (Electronic Invoicing)
Mandatory EU-wide electronic invoicing under the ViDA initiative – requirements,...
Import One-Stop-Shop (IOSS) – VAT on Low-Value Imports
The IOSS simplifies VAT handling for imports of low-value goods (up to EUR 150) ...
Mini One-Stop-Shop (MOSS) – VAT for Digital Services
MOSS (2015–2021) allowed businesses to report VAT on digital B2C services centra...
One-Stop-Shop (OSS) – EU VAT Simplification
The EU One-Stop-Shop allows businesses to report and remit VAT on cross-border B...
ViDA – VAT in the Digital Age (EU Reform)
ViDA modernises the EU VAT system through real-time digital reporting, platform ...
Sanctions
EU Sanctions – Restrictive Measures under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
EU sanctions include asset freezes, travel bans, and trade restrictions under th...
International Sanctions Regimes – Economic Restrictions on Countries and Entities
International sanctions are economic measures against countries, persons, or org...
OFAC – Office of Foreign Assets Control (US Sanctions Authority)
OFAC administers US sanctions against countries, terrorists, and proliferators. ...
OFSI – Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (UK)
UK OFSI enforces financial sanctions, monitors violations and issues licences. R...
SDN List – OFAC Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons
The OFAC SDN List is the world's most important sanctions list: all US persons m...
UN Security Council Sanctions – Binding Measures under Chapter VII of the UN Charter
UN Security Council sanctions bind all 193 UN member states under international ...
Whistleblowing / Anti-Corruption
Information Exchange - FATCA
FATCA 30% Withholding Tax on US-Source Payments
FATCA imposes a 30% withholding tax on US-source payments to non-compliant forei...
FATCA – Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
FATCA requires foreign financial institutions to report US account holders to th...
IGA Model 1 – Intergovernmental Agreement (Authority-to-IRS)
IGA Model 1 requires FFIs to report US accounts to their domestic tax authority,...
IGA Model 2 – Intergovernmental Agreement (FFI-direct-to-IRS)
IGA Model 2 allows FFIs to report US account data directly to the IRS, supported...
QI – Qualified Intermediary Program
The IRS Qualified Intermediary Program governs withholding and reporting obligat...
W-Forms (W-8/W-9) – IRS Tax Forms for FATCA and Withholding
IRS W-8 and W-9 forms document the tax status of account holders and are a centr...
Anti-Avoidance - Pillar 1 & 2
GloBE Information Return (GIR)
The GloBE Information Return is the mandatory Pillar 2 reporting format for MNE ...
Income Inclusion Rule (IIR) — Primary Top-up Tax Mechanism
The Income Inclusion Rule (IIR) is Pillar 2's primary mechanism taxing the paren...
Pillar 1 Amount A — Reallocation of Residual Profits
Amount A (Pillar 1) creates new taxing rights for market jurisdictions over resi...
Pillar 1 Amount B — Simplified Transfer Pricing for Baseline Distribution
Amount B (Pillar 1) simplifies transfer pricing for baseline distribution activi...
Pillar 1: Market Jurisdiction Taxing Rights (Amount A)
Pillar 1 reallocates taxing rights to market jurisdictions for large MNEs with o...
Pillar 2: Global Minimum Tax (15% Effective Tax Rate)
Pillar 2 introduces a 15% global minimum tax for MNE groups with revenues above ...
Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax (QDMTT)
The QDMTT lets jurisdictions collect Pillar 2 minimum tax revenue locally, shiel...
Subject to Tax Rule (STTR)
The STTR is a Pillar 2 treaty rule letting source states impose top-up tax on in...
Two-Pillar Solution (OECD/G20 Framework)
The OECD/G20 Two-Pillar Solution reforms international corporate taxation with n...
Undertaxed Profits Rule (UTPR) — Pillar 2 Backstop Mechanism
The UTPR is Pillar 2's backstop mechanism collecting top-up tax where the parent...
Information Exchange - MLI
LOB – Limitation on Benefits
The LOB is a rules-based anti-abuse clause that can be included in tax treaties ...
MLI – Multilateral Instrument (BEPS Convention)
The MLI simultaneously modifies existing bilateral tax treaties to efficiently i...
PPT – Principal Purpose Test
The Principal Purpose Test (PPT) under MLI Article 7 denies treaty benefits wher...
Reporting Standards
Timeline
Timeline 2001
The year 2001 marks two turning points: the launch of the IRS QI program and the...
Timeline 2010
2010 marks the enactment of FATCA and post-financial-crisis reforms: Dodd-Frank,...
Timeline 2015
2015 brings the global launch of CRS/AEOI and the final BEPS reports of the OECD...
Timeline 2017
2017 marks the first CRS data exchange between 49 jurisdictions and the signing ...
Timeline 2024
2024 is defined by Pillar 2 minimum tax implementation, CARF adoption for crypto...